A Pulse Oximeter

This article is therefore intended for the occasional user of pulse oximetry. * Pulse oximeters. Measure the arterial oxygen saturation of haemoglobin. The technology involved is complicated but there are two basic physical principles. First, the absorption of light at two different wavelengths by hemoglobin differs depending on the degree of oxygenation of hemoglobin. Second, the light signal following transmission through the tissues has a pulsatile component, resulting from the changing volume of arterial blood with each pulse beat. This can be distinguished by the microprocessor from the non-pulsatile component resulting from venous, capillary and tissue light absorption. Function of a Pulse Oximeter * The function of a pulse oximeter is affected by many variables, including: ambient light; shivering; abnormal hemoglobins; pulse rate and rhythm; vasoconstriction and cardiac function. A pulse oximeter gives no indication of a patients ventilation, only of their oxygenation, and thus can give a false sense of security if supplemental oxygen is being given. In addition, there may be a delay between the occurrence of a potentially hypoxic event such as respiratory obstruction and a pulse oximeter detecting low oxygen saturation. However, oximetry is a useful non-invasive monitor of a patients cardio-respiratory system, which has undoubtedly improved patient safety in many circumstances.   Pulse Oximeter as part of an anesthetic machine * A portable desktop unit * A finger/mobile pulse Oximeter Indications COPD disease pulse oximetry is useful in stable patients with severe and in patients with worsening symptoms or other signs of an acute exacerbation, as a tool for patients to use at home to assist with their management * Asthma pulse oximetry complements peak flow meters in assessing the severity of asthma attacks/exacerbations and response to a treatment. * Acute respiratory infection pulse oximetry is useful in evaluating the severity of the illness and, in conjunction with other criteria, determining whether and how to refer pa tients for further treatment. What does a Pulse Oximeter Give? Nursing Responsibilities * Pulse oximetry offers an easy and non-invasive measurement of oxygen saturation, but has limitations and practice considerations that every nurse should be aware of. * Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying a full load of oxygen. Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) absorbs more infrared light than red light, while deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) absorbs more red light. By comparing the relative amounts of different light absorbed, the oxygen saturation (SpO2) can be determined. However, there are some possible causes of erroneous readings: †¢Ã‚  Motion artifact: Movement (shivering or tremors) or improper fit of the sensor can cause erroneously low readings. †¢Ã‚  Hypotension (due to cardiac arrhythmias, blood loss or peripheral vascular disease) and peripheral vasoconstriction (caused by hypothermia, smoking or sickle cell disease) can alter readings. Smoke inhalation or carbon monoxide poisoning can cause high levels of arboxyhemoglobin and also skew pulse oximetry readings.   Response delay: A technical limitation that requires additional time to detect hypoxemia (SpO2  less than 90 percent). The length of delay can be affected by poor sensor site perfusion and vasoactive drugs. * Sensors are sized according to weight and it is important to select the correct size to avoid reading errors.

We are writing a news story or a profile of someone interesting Essay

We are writing a news story or a profile of someone interesting. Perhaps you can interview someone in Saudi Arabia and write a story about them - Essay Example Being an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at a reputed Jeddah hospital, Mr. Karim described how his life had changed since he stepped into the field of psychiatry. I started by asking him what the general responsibilities of his profession were. He replied that his main duty was to provide high quality psychiatric services, which included medication and therapeutic advice and sessions, to patients who came to him with a myriad of psychiatric problems. He worked both as a therapist and a medication advisor for most of the patients; while for some, he was only the medical advisor. He described that a typical shift of a psychiatrist included sessions with psychiatric patients. Each session was 30 minutes long, and he saw around 10 patients in a day. Continuing the interview, Mr. Karim explained that the biggest challenge he faced while working with a hospital was that, in contrast to private practice, he was not able to manage his working hours, which were set by the hospital authority. So, he did not have control over his time and schedule, which he missed when he was working as a solo practitioner in the past. He had to give explanations and put leave applications if he wanted to go on a leave. Also, the hospital demanded that he should be available to patients on phone all the time, 24/7, which was something that he was well managing as a solo practitioner. The hospital would also call him on weekends, on and off. He said that while working with the patients with difficult psychiatric conditions, it was sometimes very stressful for him to deal with stressors. Forgetting one’s own worries and dealing with others’ was what was required of him, which he was doing very well, but at times, he would become stressed out. He described how some patients gave him tough time. Some patients would attack him verbally to let go of their frustrations and anxiety, and it would become very hard for him to keep himself calm. However, he

Outline the differences between a leader and a manager. With one Essay

Outline the differences between a leader and a manager. With one specific company or industry in mind, discuss how these differe - Essay Example Closely related to this is the work of the manager that includes management is an art and is defined as a process used in the achievement of the goals of the organization or its objectives. Leaders and managers play related roles and are an integral part of any organization or entity. Therefore, workers or employees in a particular organization need managers to assign tasks as well as define the purpose of the organization. This requires that the managers organize the workers in order to maximize the efficiency of the work place or organization while at the same time nurture skills, inspire results and actively develop talents.i The question that then begs to be answered is whether a difference between leaders and managers and what are the benefits of having good or better ones in an organization. As already discussed above, the managers set the direction in which a company should be run through aligning the human resource available, motivating and inspiring them in whatever they do. Managers on the other hand have the management task assigned to them and are required to achieve the goals of the organization that may include planning and making of budgets, organizing and staffing, solving problems and other control duties. Several researchers agree that managers play an important role in budgeting, controlling and organizing how an organization is run, while the leaders offer vision for the organization while at the same time organize how different aspects of the organization can be changed. A research paper commissioned by the Financial World in 2007 titled â€Å"Manager to Leader: making the transition† distinguish these two confusing terms by discussing the distinction between good leadership and good management.ii Therefore, the main differences between leadership and management are the well-pronounced ability of leaders to communicate effectively to achieve success. In the current business environment, leaders play an important role in dealing with change while the managers ensure that things run smoothly. The differences between leaders and managers can be discussed under different subheadings that clearly distinguish a person as engaged in either management or leadership. In terms of the development of a vision, the manager plans and budgets while at the same time develops process steps and sets the timelines. A manager should exhibit an impersonal attitude that will help it achieve its aims and visions; moreover, the leader sets the directions and develops the vision for running of the organization while at the same time employing strategic plans for achieving the vision and aims of the organization or entity. The leader must always be passionate about the goals and visions of the organization in which they lead.iii In the development of human resource and networking, the manager is involved in organization and staffing. He at the same time maintains structures through the delegation of responsibility and responsibilities. Managers are actively involved in the implementation of the vision through the establishment of policy and procedures important for implementing the vision. Leaders play an important role in aligning the organization through proper communication of the vision, mission and direction. A leader is required to display high driven emotion that can positively stimulate the creation of partnerships that understand and appreciate the